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EDITORS
Director: Kathleen Cohen, RN, MPA
Senior Editors: Sophia Oh Gray and Suzanne C. Toppy
Clinical Editors: Joanna E. Cain, BSN, BA, RN and Mary Ann Liddy, RNC-OB, RNC-MNN, MSN/Ed
Project Managers: Janine Gardner, Julie Jeter
Product Coordinator: Kingsly Samuel
Animations Editor: Vivian P. Owens
CLINICAL CONSULTANTS
Jean A. Proehl, RN, MN, CEN, CPEN, FAEN (Emergency Nursing)
Editor, Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal
Emergency Clinical Nurse Specialist
Proehl PRN, LLC
Cornish, New Hampshire
Duane Reed, MA, RRT, RCP (Respiratory Care)
Respiratory Care Program Director
Southern Crescent Technical College
Griffin, Georgia
Adult Acute and Critical Care Nursing (Critical Care Nursing, Emergency Nursing, General Nursing)
Project Manager: Emily Law (Emergency Nursing)
Editors: Melissa Boyle, Julie Catagnus, Nancy Holmes, William J. Kelly, Emily Law, Erin Peick, Miriam McCauley, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Jenny Bosley, RN, MS, CEN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kyle Madigan, RN, MSN, CMTE, CFRN, CCRN, CEN, CTRN
Chief Flight Nurse
Dartmouth Hitchcock Advanced Response Team
Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Karen Lisa Northern, RN, MSN, ACNS-BC
Clinical Coordinator
Hines VA Hospital
Hines, Illinois
Kathleen M. Stacy, PhD, RN, CNS, CCRN, PCCN, CCNS
Critical Care Clinical Nurse Specialist
Palomar Medical Center
Escondido, California
Senior Contributors:
Deborah Hutchinson Allen, RN, MSN, CNS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Oncology Advanced Practice Nurse
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Daun A. Smith, RN, MSN
Professor, Department of Nursing
River Valley Community College
Claremont, New Hampshire
Contributors:
Christie E. Artuso, EdD, RN, CNRN
Director, Neuroscience Services
Providence Alaska Medical Center
Anchorage, Arkansas
Jenny Bosley, RN, MS, CEN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Beth Broering, MSN, RN, CEN, CPEN, CCRN, CCNS, FAEN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Services
St. Thomas Health
Nashville, Tennessee
Colleen Cavanaugh Kovacs, RN, MSN
Faculty
Trident Technical College
Charleston, South Carolina
Nancy J. Denke, MSN, ACNP-BC, FNP-BC, CEN, CCRN, FAEN
Trauma Nurse Practitioner
Scottsdale Healthcare
Scottsdale, Arizona
Kristie Douglass, MS, RN-BC
Assistant Professor, School of Nursing
Shorter University
Rome, Georgia
Jennifer Denno, RN, BSN, CEN
Clinical Nurse Educator, Emergency Department
Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Mary Gannon, RN, BSN, CEN
Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Bobbie Geiger, MSN, NP-C, CNOR
Nurse Practitioner
QuadMed
The Rock, Georgia
Karen Gilbert, RN, MSN, CNSC, CRNP
Nutrition Support Clinical Nurse Specialist
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Accreditation Consultant
TriHealth
Cincinnati, Ohio
Kelli Jackson, BS, RN, CCRN
Certified Registered Nurse
Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital
Santa Barbara, California
Debbie Johnson, MS, RN, CWOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Wound, Skin, Ostomy
University of Wisconsin Health University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital
Clinton Township, Michigan
Mary Theresa Lau, APN, CNSN, CRNI, VA-BC
Nutrition Support/PICC
Team Clinical Nurse Specialist
Edwards Hines Jr. VA Hospital
Hines, Illinois
Suzanne Lugerner, RN, MS, LN, CNSC, CNS
Director, Clinical Nutrition
Medstar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC
Carol McGinnis, MS, RN, CNS, CNSN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Sanford University of South Dakota Medical Center
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Jayne K. McGrath, MS, RN, CCRN, CEN, CNS-BC
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department
University of Wisconsin Health Hospital & Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin
Justin J. Milici, MSN, RN, CEN, CPEN, CFRN, CCRN, TNS
Registered Nurse III, Emergency Department
Parkland Health and Hospital System
Dallas, Texas
Gloria D. Myles, BSN, RNC-OB
Shift Nurse Manager, Labor & Delivery
Emory University Hospital Midtown
Atlanta, Georgia
Karen Lisa Northern, RN, MSN, ACNS-BC
Clinical Coordinator
Edwards Hines Jr. VA Hospital
Hines, Illinois
Susan Thibeault, MS, CRNA, RN, CCRN, CFRN, EMT-P
Flight Nurse/Paramedic
LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Connecticut
Rosemary Timmerman, MSN, RN, CCRN-CSC-CMC, CCNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Adult Critical Care
Providence Alaska Medical Center
Anchorage, Alaska
Mary Vigeant, MSN, NP
Nurse Practitioner, Emergency Department
Memorial Hospital
North Conway, New Hampshire
Lai Ping Atalanta Wan, MS, RN, CNS
Health Services Education & Training Specialist
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, California
Christina Wiekamp, RN, MS, ACNS-BC, CCRN
Clinical Nurse Specialist Chronic Pain
Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Patricia Worthington, MSN, RN, CNSC
Nutritional Support Clinical Specialist
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Senior Peer Reviewers:
Jennifer Denno, RN, BSN, CEN
Clinical Nurse Educator, Emergency Department
Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Susan Thibeault, MS, CRNA, RN, CCRN, CFRN, EMT-P
Flight Nurse/Paramedic
LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Connecticut
Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Nursing (Pediatric Critical Care Nursing, Emergency Nursing, General Nursing)
Editors: Melissa Boyle, William J. Kelly, Emily Law
Senior Reviewers:
Anne Bisch, MSN, PNP-BC, CPNP-AC
Clinical Process Leader
BJC Healthcare
St. Louis, Missouri
Cathy C. Cartwright, RN, MSN, PCNS
Pediatric Clinical Nurse Specialist, Neurosurgery
Children's Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri
Alvin D. Jeffery, MSN, RN, CCRN, FNP-BC
Education Specialist II – Pediatric ICU
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse, Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Christine Meliones, CPNP-AC/PC
Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Primary and Acute Care, Pediatric Electrophysiology;
Cardiology Nurse Practitioner
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina
Beth Mueller, RN, MSN, MEd
Education Specialist II, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Shakyryn Napier, MSN, BSN, RN
Nurse Manager
Cook Children's Medical Center
Fort Worth, Texas
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Andrea Kline-Tilford, MS, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, FCCM
Faculty, Pediatric Acute Care PNP Program
Rush University
Chicago, Illinois
Donna Catherine Wallace, RN, MS, CPNP
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Neurosurgery
Children’s Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri
Kara Ventura, DNP, DCC
Senior Transplant Coordinator/ Associate Clinical Professor
Columbia University
New York, New York
Senior Contributors:
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Larissa Hutchins, MSN, RN, CCRN, CCNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Progressive Care Unit
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Aimee Christine Jennings, RN, MSN, CPNP (certified by ANCC)
Supervisor, Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Nurse Practitioner Team
Indiana University Health
Riley Children's Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana
Dolores C. Jones, EdD, RN, CPNP
Pediatrics
Florida State University
Jacksonville, Florida
Cindy Lewis, RN MS CNS, CPN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatrics, Medical Unit
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego
San Diego, California
Kelly Keefe Marcoux, MSN, CPNP-AC, PNP-BC, CCRN
Director, Advanced Practice Nursing & Pediatric Transport and Outreach Program
Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Jody Osteyee, DNP, APRN, CPNP
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Med-Surg Division
Primary Children's Medical Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Peggy Slota, DNP, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor; Director, DNP and Graduate Nursing Leadership Programs
Carlow University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Allison M Thompson, MSN, RD, RN, CCRN, CRNP
Pediatric Critical Care Nurse Practitioner Team Leader, Critical Care Medicine NP Group
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jodi Monica Lucas Thrasher, MS, FNP-BC, RN
Advance Practice Nurse, Inpatient Medical Unit
Breathing Institute
Children’s Hospital Colorado
Aurora, Colorado
Andrea Kline-Tilford, MS, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, FCCM
Faculty, Pediatric Acute Care PNP program
Rush University
Chicago, Illinois
Contributors:
Kimberly R. Bell, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Educator, Perioperative Services
Children’s Medical Center Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Katie A. Berkowitz, RN, MSN, CPNP-AC
Pediatric Critical Care Transport/ APN
The Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Anne Bisch, MSN, PNP-BC, CPNP-AC
Clinical Process Leader
BJC Healthcare
St. Louis, Missouri
Mary Bjorklund, MSN, RN, CPN
Professor of Nursing
Lone Star College, Kingwood
Kingwood, Texas
Laura B Garman, RN, BS, CPN
Nurse Manager
St. Joseph Hospital
Kokomo, Indiana
Terri L. Hedlund, RN, BSN, CPN
Quality Outcomes Coordinator, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, Indiana
Alvin D. Jeffery, MSN, RN, CCRN, FNP-BC
Education Specialist II, Pediatric ICU
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Jennifer Tedder Sonney, MN, ARNP, PNP-BC
PNP Program Director, Lecturer, School of Nursing
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Kara Ventura, DNP, DCC
Senior Transplant Coordinator/ Associate Clinical Professor
Columbia University
New York, New York
Senior Peer Reviewers:
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Dolores C. Jones, EdD, RN, CPNP
Pediatrics
Florida State University
Jacksonville, Florida
Cindy Lewis, RN, MS, CNS, CPN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatrics, Medical Unit
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego
San Diego, California
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Peggy Slota, DNP, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor; Director, DNP and Graduate Nursing Leadership Programs
Carlow University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Peer Reviewers:
Kimberly R. Bell, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Educator, Perioperative Services
Children’s Medical Center Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Cindy Lewis, RN MS CNS, CPN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatrics, Medical Unit
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego
San Diego, California
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Shakyryn Napier, MSN, BSN, RN
Nurse Manager
Cook Children's Medical Center
Fort Worth, Texas
Peggy Slota, DNP, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor; Director, DNP and Graduate Nursing Leadership Programs
Carlow University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Jennifer Tedder Sonney, MN, ARNP, PNP-BC
PNP Program Director, Lecturer, School of Nursing
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Helen N. Turner, DNP, RN-BC, PCNS-BC, FAAN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatric Pain Management
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Kara Ventura, DNP, DCC
Senior Transplant Coordinator/ Associate Clinical Professor
Columbia University
New York, New York
Maternal Newborn Nursing
Project Manager: Jane Benner
Editor: Miriam McCauley
Senior Contributors:
Sherry Forest, RN, DNP, MSN
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Women & Children’s Hospital
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Sandra Hoffman, MS, RN, CNS-BC
Clinical Nurse Specialist, WomenCare
Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Contributors:
Jennifer Abell, RNC-OB
Clinical Nurse Education Specialist, Department of Women’s Services
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida
Danita Burch, MSN, RNC-OB, CNL
Clinical Nurse Leader
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida
LCDR Tina M. Cox, MSN, MSM, CNS-BC, RNC
Perinatal Clinical Nurse Specialist
CAPT James Lovell Federal Health Care Center
Great Lakes, Illinois
Diane Dale, RNC, MN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, NICU/PICU
Providence Tarzana Medical Center
Tarzana, California
Julie Gettemeier, MSN, RN
Barnes-Jewish St. Peters Hospital
St. Peters, Missouri
Linda Leviel, RN, BSN, CNM, MSPH
Certified Nurse Midwife
Signature Healthcare
Brockton, Massachusetts
Patricia McLaughlin, RNC, CEN, MPA, MSN, BC, CLNC
Clinical Educator
Monmouth Medical Center
Long Branch, New Jersey
Kathy Mercer, RNC-OB, CNM, MA, MSN
Director of Clinical Education
Nurse Competency
Chandler, Arizona
Gloria D. Myles, BSN, RNC-OB
Shift Nurse Manager Labor & Delivery
Emory University Hospital Midtown
Atlanta, Georgia
Cynthia Payne, MS, RNC, CNM, NP-BC
Nurse Practitioner
ISIS Medical Care
Atlanta, Georgia;
Assistant Professor
Georgia Perimeter College
Clarkston, Georgia
AWHONN Reviewers:
Carol Elaine Brown, RN, BC, MN
Nurse Program Development Specialist
Association of Women's Health, Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)
Washington, DC
Renée Byfield, MS, RN, FNP, C-EFM
Nurse Program Development Specialist
Association of Women’s Health Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)
Washington, DC
Peer Reviewers:
Kristine Anderson, RN, BSN
Clinical Educator, Women and Children’s Services
Tri-City Medical Center
Oceanside, California
Hope Farquharson, RN, MSN
Associate Professor, Nursing Faculty
Palomar College;
Adjunct Faculty
California State University
San Marcos, California
Cynthia Harris, RNC-OB, BSN, C-EFM
Nurse Coordinator, Xavier Pregnancy Program
Saint Francis Health Systems
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Ruth Labardee, MSN, RNC, CNL
Nurse Educator
The Ohio State University Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Lynette Lewis, ADN/RN
RNC-NIC
Staff Nurse, NICU-Nursery
Saint Francis Health System
Owasso, Oklahoma
Susan Mattson, RNC-OB, CTN, PhD, FAAN
Professor Emerita, College of Nursing and Health Innovation
Arizona State University
Scottsdale, Arizona
Stacie Piccinati, MSN, CNM
Clinical Educator, Couplet Care and Continuing Care Nursery
St. Joseph’s Hospital Medical Center
Phoenix, Arizona
Theresa Scherl, RN, MSN, MHA
Clinical Nurse Faculty, Hahn School of Nursing
University of San Diego
San Diego, California
Moira Tannenbaum, MSN, CNM, IBCLC, RNC-LRN, LCCE
Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Flint Department of Nursing
University of Michigan
Flint, Michigan;
Certified Nurse-Midwife
Mother’s Own Birth Center
Temperance, Michigan
Mental Health Nursing
Editors: Julie Catagnus, Nancy Holmes, Miriam McCauley, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Carol Baxter, RN, MSN, CNS, APN
Advanced Practice Nurse, McKinley Health Center
University of Illinois
Champaign, Illinois
Barb Blue, RN, MSN, CPNP, PMHNP-BC
Nurse Practitioner/ Clinical Nurse Specialist
C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Lucindra Campbell-Law, PhD, ANP, PMHCNS, BC
Professor, School of Nursing
Houston Baptist University
Missouri City, Texas
Rebecca Christophersen, PMHNP, BC
Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Paul Thomas Clements, PhD, APRN-BC, CGS, DFIAFN
Associate Clinical Professor, College of Nursing and Health Professions
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Edith Cloyd, JD, MSN, RN, PMHNP-BC
Professor, School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Susan Dawson, EdD, RN, PMHCNS/NP, BC
Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs and Professor of Nursing
Allen College
Cedar Falls, Iowa
Emily Donelson, RN, APRN, PMHNP-BC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner I
Nova Health System
Alexandria, Virginia
Nancy Doyle, RN, BS, MS
Nurse Manager
Virginia Treatment Center for Children
Chester, Virginia
Cindy Freeman, DrNP, RN, MSN
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Frank Chen, M.D., Private Practice
Houston, Texas
Sara Gilbert, RN, MS
Staff Emergency Room Nurse
Cheshire Medical Center
Keene, New Hampshire
Christopher Hensley, MSN, CNS
Staff Educator/Charge Nurse
The Stewart & Lynda Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at University of California Los Angeles
Burbank, California
Wanda Hilliard, RN, MBA
Acute Care Clinical Nurse Texas
Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Ramona Hoehler, PMHNP
Clinical Instructor. School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN
Mary Knutson, RN, MSN
Professor
Western Wisconsin Technical College
Caledonia, Minnesota
Jamie Lee, RN, DNP, PMHCHN-BC
Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Rene Love, APN
Clinic Manager, Department of Psychiatry Vanderbilt University
Affiliate Faculty Member, School of Nursing Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
School of Nursing Health Sciences Center
University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
Liz Macera, PhD, RN, NPC
Associate Clinical Professor, School of Nursing, Department of Physiological Nursing
University of California-San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Pamela Marcus, RN, APRN/PMH-BC
Advanced Practice Nurse
Private Practice
Nurse Psychotherapist, Private Practice;
Associate Professor of Nursing
Prince George's Community College
Lago, Maryland
Michele Martens, RN, MSN, CNS-BC
Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist
Private Practice
Hermitage, Tennessee
Lillian Parker, MEd, APRN, PhD
Assistant Professor for Nursing
Clayton State University
Ellenwood, Georgia
Diane Pavalonis, MBA, MSN
Clinical Instructor, School of Nursing
Western State Hospital;
University of Virginia Staunton, Virginia
Bari Platter, RN, MS, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist/ Educator
University of Colorado Hospital Center for Dependency, Addiction, and Rehabilitation (CeDAR);
Clinical Instructor, School of Nursing
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Denver, Colorado
Cheryl Puntil, RN, MN, APRN, BC, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist
The Stewart & Lynda Resnick Neuropsychiatric
Hospital at UCLA
Los Angeles, California
Deborah Schiavone, PhD, APRN, BC
Professor
Georgetown University
Alexandria, Virginia
Tess Searls, RN, NP, MSN
Nurse Practitioner
Virginia Commonwealth University Children’s Medical Center
Richmond, Virginia
Gail W. Stuart, PhD, APRN, FAAN
Professor and Dean
Medical, School of Nursing
University of South Carolina;
Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina
Roberta Waite, EdD, APRN, CNS-BC
Assistant Professor/ Research Scientist, College of Nursing and Health Professions
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Gail Williams, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC
Professor/Co-Director, Center for Violence Protection School of Nursing
University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio, Texas
Lisa Wilson, RN, MSN
Assistant Professor
Colby-Sawyer College
New London, New Hampshire
Senior Contributor:
Sara Barr Gilbert, RN, CEN, MACP, SANE-A
Staff Nurse, Emergency Department
Cheshire Medical Center
Keene, New Hampshire
Contributors:
Norman L. Keltner, EdD CRNP
Professor
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Florence Keane, DNSc, MBA, PMHNP, ANP-C
Assistant Professor
Florida International University
Miami, Florida
Curtis Long, RN, MSN, MBA
Lecturer, College of Nursing
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
Neonatal Nursing
Editors: Julie Catagnus, Nancy Holmes, Miriam McCauley, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Cindy Bryant, BSN, RN, CCRP, CCRN
Neonatology Research Nurse Coordinator
Texas Children's Hospital
League City, Texas
Nancy Burke, MSN, RNC-NIC, ARNP
Nurse Specialist, NICU
South Miami Hospital
Homestead, Florida
Jocelyn Christiansen, BSN, RNC-NIC
MultiCare Health System Seattle, Washington
Bridget Cross, MSN, RN, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Service
Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Diane Dale, MN, RNC-NIC, C-NPT
NICU/PICU Clinical Nurse Specialist
Providence Tarzana Medical Center
Tarzana, California
Janet Dutcher, DNP, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Avera Mckennan Hospital and University System
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Kim Francis, MSN, APRN-BC
Clinical Nurse Specialist
The Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Donna Growchow, MSN, RN
Magnet Program Manager
University of California Irvine
Irvine, California
Robin Koeppel, MS, RNC, CPNP
Neonatal CNS/ Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
University of California Irvine
Yorba Linda, California
Charlotte McMiller-Green, MSN, RNC-NIC
Clinical Education Specialist
Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
Curtis Shelley, MEd, RRT-NPS AE-C ECMO
Coordinator
Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital
Houston, Texas
Alisa Starbuck, MSN, RN, NNP-BC
Director of Nursing, Pediatric Critical Care
Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
JoAnna Sutton, RN, MSN
Clinical Nurse Educator, Neonatal Services
Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio
Donna Thomas, MS, BSN, RNC
NICU 3 Nurse Manager
Texas Children's Hospital
Bellaire, Texas
M. Terese Verklan, PhD, CCNS, RNC
Associate Professor, School of Nursing; Neonatal Clinical Nurse Specialist
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Houston, Texas
Barbara Wheeler, MN, RN, IBCLC, RLC
Clinical Nurse Specialist
St. Boniface General Hospital
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada
Bronwyn Willet, BSN, RNC-NIC, C-NPT
Neonatal transport
University of Maryland Medical System
Baltimore, Maryland
Senior Contributor:
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Contributors:
Jocelyn Christiansen, BSN, RNC-NIC
Port Orchard, Washington
Donna Grochow, MSN, RNC-NIC, WCC
Director of Nursing Quality, Research and Education, Magnet Program Director
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Susan Orlando, DNS, APRN, NNP-BC
Associate Clinical Professor/ Program Director, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Program, School of Nursing
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Janet L Thigpen, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Oncology Nursing
Editors: Melissa Boyle, William J. Kelly, Erin Peick, Suzanne Toppy
Authors:
Paula A. Caron, MS, APRN, ACHPN
Advance Practice Nurse Thoracic Oncology
Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Cynthia Chernecky, PhD, RN, AOCN, FAAN
Professor, Oncology, College of Nursing
Georgia Health Sciences University
Augusta, Georgia
Nancy J. Ehmke, RN MN AOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Parkview Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Margaret Hickey, RN, MSN, MS, CORLN
Director, Oncology
Novartis Oncology
Florham Park, New Jersey
Deborah Hutchinson Allen, RN, MSN, CNS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist and Nurse Practitioner
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Joyce A. Jackowski, MS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Nurse Practitioner in Oncology
Virginia Cancer Specialists
Arlington, Virginia
Alice S. Kerber, RN, MN, AOCN, APNG
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Oncology
Saint Joseph's Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia
Martha Lassiter, MSN, AOCNS
ABMT Clinical Nurse Specialist
Duke University Health System
Durham, North Carolina
Mary Lawson, MSN, FNP-BC
Palliative Care Nurse Practitioner, Hematology/ Oncology Unit
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Laura L. Leary, MS, RN, BC, OCN
Nursing Instructor, Adult Health Nursing
University of South Carolina
Greenville, South Carolina
Suzanne M Mahon, RN, DNSc, AOCN, APNG
Professor
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
Deborah Mast, RN, BSN, OCN
Clinical Coordinator, Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Chicago, Illinois
Kelley D. Mayden, MSN, FNP, AOCNP
Oncology Nurse Practitioner
Southwest Virginia Cancer Center
Norton, Virginia
Mendy Moody, RN, MSN, OCN
Educator
Rex Cancer Center
Raleigh, North Carolina
Lisa Hartkopf Smith, RN, MS, AOCN, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Hematology/Oncology
Riverside Methodist Hospitals
Columbus, Ohio
Susan K. Steele-Moses, DNS, APRN, CNS, AOCN
Program Director, Nursing Research and Adult Health;
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Shirley Triest-Robertson, PhD, APNP, AOCNS, ACNS-BC, ACHPN
Palliative Care Advance Practice Nurse
St. Vincent Hospital
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Wendy H. Vogel, MSN, RNP, AOCNP
Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Medical Oncology
Kingsport Hematology/ Oncology Associates
Kingsport, Tennessee
Senior Contributors:
Nancy J. Ehmke, RN MN AOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Parkview Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Deborah Hutchinson Allen, RN, MSN, CNS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist and Nurse Practitioner
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Suzanne M Mahon, RN, DNSc, AOCN, APNG
Professor
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
Contributors:
Mary Lawson, MSN, FNP-BC, ACHPN
Family Nurse Practitioner, Palliative Care and Oncology
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center
Baton Rouge, LA
Lisa S. Parks, MS, RN, CNP
Hepatobiliary/Gastrointestinal Nurse Practitioner, Division of Surgical Oncology
James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Meghan Routt, MSN, ANP/GNP-BC, AOCNP
Nurse Practitioner, Inpatient Surgical Oncology
James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University
Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Lisa Hartkopf Smith, RN, MS, AOCN, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Hematology/ Oncology
Riverside Methodist Hospitals
Columbus, Ohio
Perioperative Nursing
Editors: Emily Law, Erin Peick
Authors:
George Allen, PhD, CIC, CNOR
Instructor, College of Health Related Professions
State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
Suzanne Ariza, MSN, CRNA
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
Anesthesia Services, PA
Newark, Delware
Laila Bailey, RN, MSN, CNOR
Staff Nurse/Urology Specialist, Ambulatory Surgery Center
Inova Fairfax Hospital
Fairfax, Virginia
Ruben Barrios, RN, BSN, CNOR
Staff Nurse III , Orthopedic Trauma
University Hospital
San Antonio, Texas
Don Beissel, MSNA, RN, CRNA
Chief Anesthetist
Anesthesia and Pain Management
Barton County Memorial Hospital
Lamar, Missouri
Michele Brunges, RN, MSN, CNOR
Nurse Manager, PACU/Pre-op/ASU/Blocks and Presurgical
Shands Teaching Hospital at the University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Kathy Cabai, EdD, MSN, CNOR
Coordinator and Instructor Surgical Technology Program
College of DuPage
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Claudia Campese, RN, MSN, CNOR, BC
Clinical Education Specialist II, Surgical Services
New Hanover Regional Medical Center
Wilmington, North Carolina
Judy Clayton, MSN, RN, CNOR
Staff Nurse
Morgan Memorial Hospital
Madison, Georgia
Michelle De Lima, MSN, APRN, CNOR, CNE
Instructor and Clinical Coordinator, Charity School of Nursing
ADN Program
Delgado Community College
New Orleans, Louisiana
Roberta “Bobbie” Geiger, RN, MSN, CNOR
Operating Room Nurse/Clinical Educator/Coordinator
St. Joseph’s Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia
Cynthia Halvorson, RN, MSN, CNOR
Freelance Consultant and Author
Switzerland
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Program Developer
UC Health West Chester Hospital
Cincinnati, Ohio
Teresa Howard, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Director
Temple University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Donna Kent, RN, MS, CNOR
Perioperative Clinical Nurse Specialist
AnMed Health
Anderson, South Carolina
Tom Kraus, BSN, RN, CNOR
Clinical Coordinator
Scottsdale Healthcare Thompson Peak Total Joints/Orthopedic
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Scottsdale, Arizona
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Surgical Nurse, Department of Surgical Services
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital Clinton
Township, Michigan
Jennifer Misajet, MHA, RN, CNOR
Interim Director/ Consultant
Perioperative Services
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Janean Monahan, BSN, MSA, CNOR
PhD Candidate
Wayne State University
Detroit, Michigan
Christine Pacheco, BSN, RN
Staff Nurse
SHC-Thompson Peak
Hospital Scottsdale, Arizona
Nancymarie Phillips, RN, PhD, RNFA, CNOR
Director, Department of Perioperative Education
Lakeland Community College
Wickliffe, Ohio
Vanetta Reeder, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Educator
University of Pennsylvania Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lisa Riedlel, CRNA, DNP
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
Fayette Anesthesia
Services Hillsboro, Ohio
Sue Seitz, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Greenville Hospital System
Greenville, South Carolina
Eileen St. Aubin, MSN, RN, CNOR
Clinical Education
Manager St. Jude Medical Center
Plano, Texas
Laura Weisberg, MSN, RN, CNOR
Clinical Nurse II, Surgical Service
University of North Carolina Hospitals
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Senior Contributors:
Michele Brunges, RN, MSN, CNOR
Nurse Manager
Shands Healthcare
Gainesville, Florida
Heather L Burrell, MSN, RN, CNOR
Nursing Faculty
Jamestown Community College
Olean, New York
Judith L. Clayton, MSN, RN, CNOR
Surgical Services
Morgan Memorial Hospital
Madison, Georgia
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Accreditation Consultant
TriHealth
Cincinnati, Ohio
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Department of Surgical Services
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital
Clinton Township, Michigan
Jennifer L. Misajet, MHA, RN, CNOR
Regional Director Perioperative Services
Kaiser Permanente
Oakland, California
Vanetta Cheeks Reeder, RN, MSN, CNOR
Nurse Educator Surgical Services
Aria Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Respiratory Care
Editors: Amber Crapo, Sophia Oh Gray, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Teri Allen, BSHA, RRT-NPS
Respiratory Care Education Coordinator
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Tammy Babcock, MHA, RRT-NPS
Assistant Professor and
Director or Clinical Education, Department of Respiratory Care, School of Health Professions
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas
Theresa Beck, RRT, AE-C, BS
Respiratory Therapist
Frederick Memorial Hospital
Frederick, MD;
Adjunct Instructor
Frederick Community College
Frederick, Maryland
Rhonda Bevis, RRT, EdD
Director of Clinical Education
Armstrong Atlantic State University
Savannah, Georgia
Sue E. Davis, MA Ed, RRT-NPS
Program Director, Respiratory Therapy
Our Lady of the Lake College
Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Maria Grayson, MS, RRT
Program Director, Respiratory Care
Norwalk Community College
Norwalk, Connecticut
Lisa M Johnson, MS, RRT-NPS
Clinical Assistant Professor; Vice Chair, Respiratory Care Program
Stony Brook University
StonyBrook, New York
Derek F. Jones, BS, RRT, NPS
Instructor
Everest Institute
Decatur, Georgia
Debra Laken, MAEd, RRT, AE-C, CTTS
Associate Professor, School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Aleta Kay Martin, BSRC, RRT-NPS
Clinical Educator
Children’s Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
R. Monique McCreary, EdD, RRT-NPS
Director of Clinical Education, Respiratory Care Program
Southern Crescent Technical College
Griffin, Georgia
Michael Parrett, RRT-NPS, SDS, RPFT
Respiratory Therapy Program Director
Kansas City Kansas Community College
Kansas City, Kansas
Precious Pennyman, RRT, BS
Respiratory Therapist
Upson Regional Medical Center
Thomaston, Georgia
Krystal Ramsey, MBA, RRT
Respiratory Therapist
Southern Regional Medical Center
Riverdale, Georgia
Melissa D. Smith, BS, RRT
Respiratory Care Education Coordinator/ LSRC Chapter 8 President
St. Tammany Parish Hospital
Covington, Louisiana
Aimee Staggenborg, MA, BA, RRT, RCP
Director of Clinical Education
Missouri State University
West Plains, Missouri
Sharon A. Stuart, BS, RRT-SDS
Operational Coordinator
Southern Regional Health System
Riverdale, Georgia
Senior Peer Reviewer:
Sue Hoffsmith, MSN, RN, CEN
Nurse Educator
Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Peer Reviewers:
Bertram Brooks, RRT, RST, CPFT
Pulmonary Function Technologist
Atlanta Medical Center
Atlanta, Georgia
Lisa Marie Cracchiolo, RRT, AE-C
Clinical Specialist/ Supervisor
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Martha DeSilva, MEd, RRT
Program Director
Massasoit Community College
Brockton, Massachusetts
Delores Griffin, BA, RRT, RCP
Director, Respiratory Care and Bronchoscopy
Saint Louis University Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Mary Kay Holman-Romero, RRT, NPS
Respiratory Care Supervisor
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Joshua A. McCullough, MDc, BS, RRT, NRP, CCTP
EMS Instructor
ERTSS
Fayetteville, GA
M. Allen McCullough, PhD, MS, MPA, MSN, APRN, ENP, FNP-BC, REMT-P. CCP
Director of Public Safety
Fayette County Division of Public Safety
Fayetteville, Georgia;
Instructor, Resuscitation Science, School of Nursing
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Peggy Reed-Watts, MS, RRT
Manager, Respiratory Care Services
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Adam Sampson, MA, RRT
Shift Coordinator, Respiratory Therapist
Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Provider Plus, Inc.
St. Louis, Missouri
Animations
Editor: Angela J. Daniel, MSN, MBA, RN
Senior Reviewers:
Jennifer Abell, MSN, RNC-OB
Clinical Education Specialist
Woman’s Services Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
George Allen, PhD, CIC, CNOR
Director of Infection Control
University Hospital of Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
Nancy Burke, RNC-NIC, MSN, ARNP
Nurse Specialist, NICU
South Miami Hospital/ Baptist Health System
Miami, Florida
Cindy Bryant, RN, BSN, CCRP, CCRN
Neonatal Research Nurse Coordinator, General Clinical Research Center
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Katherine A. Cabai, EdD, RN, MSN, CNOR
Coordinator Surgical Technology Program
College of DuPage
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Claudia Campese, MSN, RN_BC, CNOR
Clinical Education Specialist II, Surgical Services
New Hanover Regional Medical Center
Wilmington, North Carolina
LCDR Tina M. Cox, MSN, MSM, CNS_BC, RNC
Perinatal Clinical Nurse Specialist
CAPT James Lovell Federal Health Care Center
Great Lakes, Illinois
Kelly Denson, MSN, RN, OCN
Clinical Education Specialist
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida
Michele Dunstan, MSN, RN, CCRN
Patient Care Specialist, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Lehigh Valley Health Network
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Janet Dutcher, DNP, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Avera Mckennan Hospital and University Center
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Nancy J. Ehmke, RN, MN, AOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Parkview Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Kim Francis, RN, PhD(c)
Neonatal Clinical Nurse Specialist, OB Service
The Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Pamela S. Gordon, BSN, RNC_NIC
Neonatal Research Nurse, General Clinical Research Center
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Jennifer Hamilton, MSN, CPNP
Pediatric Critical Care Nurse Practitioner
Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, Indiana
Jane J. Hawk, DNP, CS, CPAN, RN
Nurse Consultant
Washington State Department of Health
Turnwater, Washington
Hilary L.S. Hawkins, BSN, CEN
Emergency Department Staff Nurse
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Program Developer
UC Health West Chester Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Sandra Hoffman, MS, RN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Birth Center
Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Allina Health System
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Renee' Semonin Holleran, APRN, PhD, CEN, CCRN, CFRN, CTRN, FAEN, FNP-BC
Staff Nurse, Emergency Department
Intermountain Medical Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
Karen Knapp, RN, BSN, CRNFA
Travel Nurse/Consultant
New Era, Michigan
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Department of Surgical Services
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital
Clinton Township, Michigan
Sarah A. Martin, MS, RN, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Children’s Memorial Hospital
Chicago, Illinois
Charlotte McMiller-Green, MSN, RNC-NIC
Clinical Education Specialist
Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
Reba McVay, MSN, RN, CNS-BC, CCRN
Administrative Director of Clinical Excellence & Education
Southern Maryland Hospital Center
Clinton, Maryland
Jan Powers, PhD, RN, CCRN, CCNS, CNRN
FCCM Director of Clinical Nurse Specialists and Nursing Research Critical Care Clinical Nurse Specialist
St. Vincent Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lisa M. Riedel, MS, DNP, CRNA
Fayette Anesthesia Services
Hillsboro, Ohio
Karen Rountree, MSN, RN, CNOR, CST
Clinical Educator, Perioperative Services
Methodist Hospital, Methodist Heart Hospital
San Antonio, Texas
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Daun A Smith, RN, MSN
Professor, Nursing
River Valley Community College
Claremont, New Hampshire
Lara G. Smith, MSN, RN, CPNP-PC, CPNP-AC
Saint Louis Children’s Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Susan Thibeault, MS, CRNA, CFRN, CCRN, EMT-P
Practice and Research Coordinator
LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Conneticut
Andrea Kline Tilford, MS, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, FCCM
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Critical Care and Allergy
Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, Indiana
Laura Marie Weisberg, MNS, RN, CNOR
OR Staff Nurse, Orthopaedics
University of North Carolina Hospitals
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Darlene S. Whitlock, RN, ARNP, MSN, MA, CEN, CPEN, EMT
Trauma Outreach Education & Prevention
Stormont Vail HealthCare
Topeka, Kansas
Reviewers:
Teri Allen, BSHA, RRT-NPS, CRT
Respiratory Care Clinical Education Coordinator
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Theresa Beck, BS, RRT, AE-C
Staff Therapist
Frederick Memorial Hospital DME;
Adjunct Instructor
Frederick Community College
Frederick, Maryland
Marylee Bressie, DNP-C, RN, CCRN, CCNS, CEN
MICU Staff Nurse
Providence Hospital
Birmingham, Alabama
Robin Chard, PhD, RN, CNOR
Manager, Best Practice Consulting
Hollywood, Florida
Anna Dermenchyan, RN, BSN, CCRN-CSC
Clinical Nurse III, Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
Los Angeles, California
Amanda Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Cynthia K. Halvorson, RN, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Clinical Specialist, Educator, Consultant
Maur Switzerland
Robin Kidder, BA, RRT, AE-C
Clinical Instructor
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Colleen C. Kovacs, RN, MSN
Clinical Instructor
Trident Technical College
Charleston, South Carolina
R. Monique McCreary, EdD, RRT-NPS
Director of Clinical Education, Respiratory Care Program
Southern Crescent Technical College
Griffin, Georgia
Sharon A. Stuart, BS, RRT-SDS, RCP
Operational Coordinator
Southern Regional Medical Center
Riverdale, Georgia
George Sweat, MSHS, Flight RN, RRT, EMT-P
Medway Air Ambulance
Lawrenceville, Georgia
Director: Kathleen Cohen, RN, MPA
Senior Editors: Sophia Oh Gray and Suzanne C. Toppy
Clinical Editors: Joanna E. Cain, BSN, BA, RN and Mary Ann Liddy, RNC-OB, RNC-MNN, MSN/Ed
Project Managers: Janine Gardner, Julie Jeter
Product Coordinator: Kingsly Samuel
Animations Editor: Vivian P. Owens
CLINICAL CONSULTANTS
Jean A. Proehl, RN, MN, CEN, CPEN, FAEN (Emergency Nursing)
Editor, Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal
Emergency Clinical Nurse Specialist
Proehl PRN, LLC
Cornish, New Hampshire
Duane Reed, MA, RRT, RCP (Respiratory Care)
Respiratory Care Program Director
Southern Crescent Technical College
Griffin, Georgia
Adult Acute and Critical Care Nursing (Critical Care Nursing, Emergency Nursing, General Nursing)
Project Manager: Emily Law (Emergency Nursing)
Editors: Melissa Boyle, Julie Catagnus, Nancy Holmes, William J. Kelly, Emily Law, Erin Peick, Miriam McCauley, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Jenny Bosley, RN, MS, CEN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kyle Madigan, RN, MSN, CMTE, CFRN, CCRN, CEN, CTRN
Chief Flight Nurse
Dartmouth Hitchcock Advanced Response Team
Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Karen Lisa Northern, RN, MSN, ACNS-BC
Clinical Coordinator
Hines VA Hospital
Hines, Illinois
Kathleen M. Stacy, PhD, RN, CNS, CCRN, PCCN, CCNS
Critical Care Clinical Nurse Specialist
Palomar Medical Center
Escondido, California
Senior Contributors:
Deborah Hutchinson Allen, RN, MSN, CNS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Oncology Advanced Practice Nurse
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Daun A. Smith, RN, MSN
Professor, Department of Nursing
River Valley Community College
Claremont, New Hampshire
Contributors:
Christie E. Artuso, EdD, RN, CNRN
Director, Neuroscience Services
Providence Alaska Medical Center
Anchorage, Arkansas
Jenny Bosley, RN, MS, CEN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Beth Broering, MSN, RN, CEN, CPEN, CCRN, CCNS, FAEN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Services
St. Thomas Health
Nashville, Tennessee
Colleen Cavanaugh Kovacs, RN, MSN
Faculty
Trident Technical College
Charleston, South Carolina
Nancy J. Denke, MSN, ACNP-BC, FNP-BC, CEN, CCRN, FAEN
Trauma Nurse Practitioner
Scottsdale Healthcare
Scottsdale, Arizona
Kristie Douglass, MS, RN-BC
Assistant Professor, School of Nursing
Shorter University
Rome, Georgia
Jennifer Denno, RN, BSN, CEN
Clinical Nurse Educator, Emergency Department
Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Mary Gannon, RN, BSN, CEN
Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Bobbie Geiger, MSN, NP-C, CNOR
Nurse Practitioner
QuadMed
The Rock, Georgia
Karen Gilbert, RN, MSN, CNSC, CRNP
Nutrition Support Clinical Nurse Specialist
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Accreditation Consultant
TriHealth
Cincinnati, Ohio
Kelli Jackson, BS, RN, CCRN
Certified Registered Nurse
Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital
Santa Barbara, California
Debbie Johnson, MS, RN, CWOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Wound, Skin, Ostomy
University of Wisconsin Health University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital
Clinton Township, Michigan
Mary Theresa Lau, APN, CNSN, CRNI, VA-BC
Nutrition Support/PICC
Team Clinical Nurse Specialist
Edwards Hines Jr. VA Hospital
Hines, Illinois
Suzanne Lugerner, RN, MS, LN, CNSC, CNS
Director, Clinical Nutrition
Medstar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC
Carol McGinnis, MS, RN, CNS, CNSN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Sanford University of South Dakota Medical Center
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Jayne K. McGrath, MS, RN, CCRN, CEN, CNS-BC
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department
University of Wisconsin Health Hospital & Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin
Justin J. Milici, MSN, RN, CEN, CPEN, CFRN, CCRN, TNS
Registered Nurse III, Emergency Department
Parkland Health and Hospital System
Dallas, Texas
Gloria D. Myles, BSN, RNC-OB
Shift Nurse Manager, Labor & Delivery
Emory University Hospital Midtown
Atlanta, Georgia
Karen Lisa Northern, RN, MSN, ACNS-BC
Clinical Coordinator
Edwards Hines Jr. VA Hospital
Hines, Illinois
Susan Thibeault, MS, CRNA, RN, CCRN, CFRN, EMT-P
Flight Nurse/Paramedic
LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Connecticut
Rosemary Timmerman, MSN, RN, CCRN-CSC-CMC, CCNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Adult Critical Care
Providence Alaska Medical Center
Anchorage, Alaska
Mary Vigeant, MSN, NP
Nurse Practitioner, Emergency Department
Memorial Hospital
North Conway, New Hampshire
Lai Ping Atalanta Wan, MS, RN, CNS
Health Services Education & Training Specialist
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, California
Christina Wiekamp, RN, MS, ACNS-BC, CCRN
Clinical Nurse Specialist Chronic Pain
Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Patricia Worthington, MSN, RN, CNSC
Nutritional Support Clinical Specialist
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Senior Peer Reviewers:
Jennifer Denno, RN, BSN, CEN
Clinical Nurse Educator, Emergency Department
Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Susan Thibeault, MS, CRNA, RN, CCRN, CFRN, EMT-P
Flight Nurse/Paramedic
LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Connecticut
Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Nursing (Pediatric Critical Care Nursing, Emergency Nursing, General Nursing)
Editors: Melissa Boyle, William J. Kelly, Emily Law
Senior Reviewers:
Anne Bisch, MSN, PNP-BC, CPNP-AC
Clinical Process Leader
BJC Healthcare
St. Louis, Missouri
Cathy C. Cartwright, RN, MSN, PCNS
Pediatric Clinical Nurse Specialist, Neurosurgery
Children's Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri
Alvin D. Jeffery, MSN, RN, CCRN, FNP-BC
Education Specialist II – Pediatric ICU
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse, Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Christine Meliones, CPNP-AC/PC
Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Primary and Acute Care, Pediatric Electrophysiology;
Cardiology Nurse Practitioner
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina
Beth Mueller, RN, MSN, MEd
Education Specialist II, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Shakyryn Napier, MSN, BSN, RN
Nurse Manager
Cook Children's Medical Center
Fort Worth, Texas
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Andrea Kline-Tilford, MS, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, FCCM
Faculty, Pediatric Acute Care PNP Program
Rush University
Chicago, Illinois
Donna Catherine Wallace, RN, MS, CPNP
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Neurosurgery
Children’s Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri
Kara Ventura, DNP, DCC
Senior Transplant Coordinator/ Associate Clinical Professor
Columbia University
New York, New York
Senior Contributors:
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Larissa Hutchins, MSN, RN, CCRN, CCNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Progressive Care Unit
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Aimee Christine Jennings, RN, MSN, CPNP (certified by ANCC)
Supervisor, Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Nurse Practitioner Team
Indiana University Health
Riley Children's Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana
Dolores C. Jones, EdD, RN, CPNP
Pediatrics
Florida State University
Jacksonville, Florida
Cindy Lewis, RN MS CNS, CPN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatrics, Medical Unit
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego
San Diego, California
Kelly Keefe Marcoux, MSN, CPNP-AC, PNP-BC, CCRN
Director, Advanced Practice Nursing & Pediatric Transport and Outreach Program
Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Jody Osteyee, DNP, APRN, CPNP
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Med-Surg Division
Primary Children's Medical Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Peggy Slota, DNP, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor; Director, DNP and Graduate Nursing Leadership Programs
Carlow University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Allison M Thompson, MSN, RD, RN, CCRN, CRNP
Pediatric Critical Care Nurse Practitioner Team Leader, Critical Care Medicine NP Group
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jodi Monica Lucas Thrasher, MS, FNP-BC, RN
Advance Practice Nurse, Inpatient Medical Unit
Breathing Institute
Children’s Hospital Colorado
Aurora, Colorado
Andrea Kline-Tilford, MS, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, FCCM
Faculty, Pediatric Acute Care PNP program
Rush University
Chicago, Illinois
Contributors:
Kimberly R. Bell, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Educator, Perioperative Services
Children’s Medical Center Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Katie A. Berkowitz, RN, MSN, CPNP-AC
Pediatric Critical Care Transport/ APN
The Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Anne Bisch, MSN, PNP-BC, CPNP-AC
Clinical Process Leader
BJC Healthcare
St. Louis, Missouri
Mary Bjorklund, MSN, RN, CPN
Professor of Nursing
Lone Star College, Kingwood
Kingwood, Texas
Laura B Garman, RN, BS, CPN
Nurse Manager
St. Joseph Hospital
Kokomo, Indiana
Terri L. Hedlund, RN, BSN, CPN
Quality Outcomes Coordinator, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, Indiana
Alvin D. Jeffery, MSN, RN, CCRN, FNP-BC
Education Specialist II, Pediatric ICU
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Jennifer Tedder Sonney, MN, ARNP, PNP-BC
PNP Program Director, Lecturer, School of Nursing
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Kara Ventura, DNP, DCC
Senior Transplant Coordinator/ Associate Clinical Professor
Columbia University
New York, New York
Senior Peer Reviewers:
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Dolores C. Jones, EdD, RN, CPNP
Pediatrics
Florida State University
Jacksonville, Florida
Cindy Lewis, RN, MS, CNS, CPN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatrics, Medical Unit
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego
San Diego, California
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Peggy Slota, DNP, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor; Director, DNP and Graduate Nursing Leadership Programs
Carlow University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Peer Reviewers:
Kimberly R. Bell, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Educator, Perioperative Services
Children’s Medical Center Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Cindy Lewis, RN MS CNS, CPN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatrics, Medical Unit
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego
San Diego, California
Sarah A. Martin, RN, MS, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Pediatric Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Shakyryn Napier, MSN, BSN, RN
Nurse Manager
Cook Children's Medical Center
Fort Worth, Texas
Peggy Slota, DNP, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor; Director, DNP and Graduate Nursing Leadership Programs
Carlow University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Jennifer Tedder Sonney, MN, ARNP, PNP-BC
PNP Program Director, Lecturer, School of Nursing
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Helen N. Turner, DNP, RN-BC, PCNS-BC, FAAN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatric Pain Management
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Kara Ventura, DNP, DCC
Senior Transplant Coordinator/ Associate Clinical Professor
Columbia University
New York, New York
Maternal Newborn Nursing
Project Manager: Jane Benner
Editor: Miriam McCauley
Senior Contributors:
Sherry Forest, RN, DNP, MSN
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Women & Children’s Hospital
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Sandra Hoffman, MS, RN, CNS-BC
Clinical Nurse Specialist, WomenCare
Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Contributors:
Jennifer Abell, RNC-OB
Clinical Nurse Education Specialist, Department of Women’s Services
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida
Danita Burch, MSN, RNC-OB, CNL
Clinical Nurse Leader
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida
LCDR Tina M. Cox, MSN, MSM, CNS-BC, RNC
Perinatal Clinical Nurse Specialist
CAPT James Lovell Federal Health Care Center
Great Lakes, Illinois
Diane Dale, RNC, MN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, NICU/PICU
Providence Tarzana Medical Center
Tarzana, California
Julie Gettemeier, MSN, RN
Barnes-Jewish St. Peters Hospital
St. Peters, Missouri
Linda Leviel, RN, BSN, CNM, MSPH
Certified Nurse Midwife
Signature Healthcare
Brockton, Massachusetts
Patricia McLaughlin, RNC, CEN, MPA, MSN, BC, CLNC
Clinical Educator
Monmouth Medical Center
Long Branch, New Jersey
Kathy Mercer, RNC-OB, CNM, MA, MSN
Director of Clinical Education
Nurse Competency
Chandler, Arizona
Gloria D. Myles, BSN, RNC-OB
Shift Nurse Manager Labor & Delivery
Emory University Hospital Midtown
Atlanta, Georgia
Cynthia Payne, MS, RNC, CNM, NP-BC
Nurse Practitioner
ISIS Medical Care
Atlanta, Georgia;
Assistant Professor
Georgia Perimeter College
Clarkston, Georgia
AWHONN Reviewers:
Carol Elaine Brown, RN, BC, MN
Nurse Program Development Specialist
Association of Women's Health, Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)
Washington, DC
Renée Byfield, MS, RN, FNP, C-EFM
Nurse Program Development Specialist
Association of Women’s Health Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)
Washington, DC
Peer Reviewers:
Kristine Anderson, RN, BSN
Clinical Educator, Women and Children’s Services
Tri-City Medical Center
Oceanside, California
Hope Farquharson, RN, MSN
Associate Professor, Nursing Faculty
Palomar College;
Adjunct Faculty
California State University
San Marcos, California
Cynthia Harris, RNC-OB, BSN, C-EFM
Nurse Coordinator, Xavier Pregnancy Program
Saint Francis Health Systems
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Ruth Labardee, MSN, RNC, CNL
Nurse Educator
The Ohio State University Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Lynette Lewis, ADN/RN
RNC-NIC
Staff Nurse, NICU-Nursery
Saint Francis Health System
Owasso, Oklahoma
Susan Mattson, RNC-OB, CTN, PhD, FAAN
Professor Emerita, College of Nursing and Health Innovation
Arizona State University
Scottsdale, Arizona
Stacie Piccinati, MSN, CNM
Clinical Educator, Couplet Care and Continuing Care Nursery
St. Joseph’s Hospital Medical Center
Phoenix, Arizona
Theresa Scherl, RN, MSN, MHA
Clinical Nurse Faculty, Hahn School of Nursing
University of San Diego
San Diego, California
Moira Tannenbaum, MSN, CNM, IBCLC, RNC-LRN, LCCE
Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Flint Department of Nursing
University of Michigan
Flint, Michigan;
Certified Nurse-Midwife
Mother’s Own Birth Center
Temperance, Michigan
Mental Health Nursing
Editors: Julie Catagnus, Nancy Holmes, Miriam McCauley, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Carol Baxter, RN, MSN, CNS, APN
Advanced Practice Nurse, McKinley Health Center
University of Illinois
Champaign, Illinois
Barb Blue, RN, MSN, CPNP, PMHNP-BC
Nurse Practitioner/ Clinical Nurse Specialist
C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Lucindra Campbell-Law, PhD, ANP, PMHCNS, BC
Professor, School of Nursing
Houston Baptist University
Missouri City, Texas
Rebecca Christophersen, PMHNP, BC
Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Paul Thomas Clements, PhD, APRN-BC, CGS, DFIAFN
Associate Clinical Professor, College of Nursing and Health Professions
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Edith Cloyd, JD, MSN, RN, PMHNP-BC
Professor, School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Susan Dawson, EdD, RN, PMHCNS/NP, BC
Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs and Professor of Nursing
Allen College
Cedar Falls, Iowa
Emily Donelson, RN, APRN, PMHNP-BC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner I
Nova Health System
Alexandria, Virginia
Nancy Doyle, RN, BS, MS
Nurse Manager
Virginia Treatment Center for Children
Chester, Virginia
Cindy Freeman, DrNP, RN, MSN
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Frank Chen, M.D., Private Practice
Houston, Texas
Sara Gilbert, RN, MS
Staff Emergency Room Nurse
Cheshire Medical Center
Keene, New Hampshire
Christopher Hensley, MSN, CNS
Staff Educator/Charge Nurse
The Stewart & Lynda Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at University of California Los Angeles
Burbank, California
Wanda Hilliard, RN, MBA
Acute Care Clinical Nurse Texas
Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Ramona Hoehler, PMHNP
Clinical Instructor. School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN
Mary Knutson, RN, MSN
Professor
Western Wisconsin Technical College
Caledonia, Minnesota
Jamie Lee, RN, DNP, PMHCHN-BC
Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Rene Love, APN
Clinic Manager, Department of Psychiatry Vanderbilt University
Affiliate Faculty Member, School of Nursing Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
School of Nursing Health Sciences Center
University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
Liz Macera, PhD, RN, NPC
Associate Clinical Professor, School of Nursing, Department of Physiological Nursing
University of California-San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Pamela Marcus, RN, APRN/PMH-BC
Advanced Practice Nurse
Private Practice
Nurse Psychotherapist, Private Practice;
Associate Professor of Nursing
Prince George's Community College
Lago, Maryland
Michele Martens, RN, MSN, CNS-BC
Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist
Private Practice
Hermitage, Tennessee
Lillian Parker, MEd, APRN, PhD
Assistant Professor for Nursing
Clayton State University
Ellenwood, Georgia
Diane Pavalonis, MBA, MSN
Clinical Instructor, School of Nursing
Western State Hospital;
University of Virginia Staunton, Virginia
Bari Platter, RN, MS, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist/ Educator
University of Colorado Hospital Center for Dependency, Addiction, and Rehabilitation (CeDAR);
Clinical Instructor, School of Nursing
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Denver, Colorado
Cheryl Puntil, RN, MN, APRN, BC, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist
The Stewart & Lynda Resnick Neuropsychiatric
Hospital at UCLA
Los Angeles, California
Deborah Schiavone, PhD, APRN, BC
Professor
Georgetown University
Alexandria, Virginia
Tess Searls, RN, NP, MSN
Nurse Practitioner
Virginia Commonwealth University Children’s Medical Center
Richmond, Virginia
Gail W. Stuart, PhD, APRN, FAAN
Professor and Dean
Medical, School of Nursing
University of South Carolina;
Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina
Roberta Waite, EdD, APRN, CNS-BC
Assistant Professor/ Research Scientist, College of Nursing and Health Professions
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Gail Williams, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC
Professor/Co-Director, Center for Violence Protection School of Nursing
University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio, Texas
Lisa Wilson, RN, MSN
Assistant Professor
Colby-Sawyer College
New London, New Hampshire
Senior Contributor:
Sara Barr Gilbert, RN, CEN, MACP, SANE-A
Staff Nurse, Emergency Department
Cheshire Medical Center
Keene, New Hampshire
Contributors:
Norman L. Keltner, EdD CRNP
Professor
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Florence Keane, DNSc, MBA, PMHNP, ANP-C
Assistant Professor
Florida International University
Miami, Florida
Curtis Long, RN, MSN, MBA
Lecturer, College of Nursing
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
Neonatal Nursing
Editors: Julie Catagnus, Nancy Holmes, Miriam McCauley, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Cindy Bryant, BSN, RN, CCRP, CCRN
Neonatology Research Nurse Coordinator
Texas Children's Hospital
League City, Texas
Nancy Burke, MSN, RNC-NIC, ARNP
Nurse Specialist, NICU
South Miami Hospital
Homestead, Florida
Jocelyn Christiansen, BSN, RNC-NIC
MultiCare Health System Seattle, Washington
Bridget Cross, MSN, RN, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Service
Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Diane Dale, MN, RNC-NIC, C-NPT
NICU/PICU Clinical Nurse Specialist
Providence Tarzana Medical Center
Tarzana, California
Janet Dutcher, DNP, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Avera Mckennan Hospital and University System
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Kim Francis, MSN, APRN-BC
Clinical Nurse Specialist
The Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Donna Growchow, MSN, RN
Magnet Program Manager
University of California Irvine
Irvine, California
Robin Koeppel, MS, RNC, CPNP
Neonatal CNS/ Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
University of California Irvine
Yorba Linda, California
Charlotte McMiller-Green, MSN, RNC-NIC
Clinical Education Specialist
Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
Curtis Shelley, MEd, RRT-NPS AE-C ECMO
Coordinator
Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital
Houston, Texas
Alisa Starbuck, MSN, RN, NNP-BC
Director of Nursing, Pediatric Critical Care
Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
JoAnna Sutton, RN, MSN
Clinical Nurse Educator, Neonatal Services
Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio
Donna Thomas, MS, BSN, RNC
NICU 3 Nurse Manager
Texas Children's Hospital
Bellaire, Texas
M. Terese Verklan, PhD, CCNS, RNC
Associate Professor, School of Nursing; Neonatal Clinical Nurse Specialist
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Houston, Texas
Barbara Wheeler, MN, RN, IBCLC, RLC
Clinical Nurse Specialist
St. Boniface General Hospital
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada
Bronwyn Willet, BSN, RNC-NIC, C-NPT
Neonatal transport
University of Maryland Medical System
Baltimore, Maryland
Senior Contributor:
Amanda Lee Scott Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN Assistant Nurse Manager
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Contributors:
Jocelyn Christiansen, BSN, RNC-NIC
Port Orchard, Washington
Donna Grochow, MSN, RNC-NIC, WCC
Director of Nursing Quality, Research and Education, Magnet Program Director
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Susan Orlando, DNS, APRN, NNP-BC
Associate Clinical Professor/ Program Director, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Program, School of Nursing
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Janet L Thigpen, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Oncology Nursing
Editors: Melissa Boyle, William J. Kelly, Erin Peick, Suzanne Toppy
Authors:
Paula A. Caron, MS, APRN, ACHPN
Advance Practice Nurse Thoracic Oncology
Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Cynthia Chernecky, PhD, RN, AOCN, FAAN
Professor, Oncology, College of Nursing
Georgia Health Sciences University
Augusta, Georgia
Nancy J. Ehmke, RN MN AOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Parkview Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Margaret Hickey, RN, MSN, MS, CORLN
Director, Oncology
Novartis Oncology
Florham Park, New Jersey
Deborah Hutchinson Allen, RN, MSN, CNS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist and Nurse Practitioner
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Joyce A. Jackowski, MS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Nurse Practitioner in Oncology
Virginia Cancer Specialists
Arlington, Virginia
Alice S. Kerber, RN, MN, AOCN, APNG
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Oncology
Saint Joseph's Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia
Martha Lassiter, MSN, AOCNS
ABMT Clinical Nurse Specialist
Duke University Health System
Durham, North Carolina
Mary Lawson, MSN, FNP-BC
Palliative Care Nurse Practitioner, Hematology/ Oncology Unit
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Laura L. Leary, MS, RN, BC, OCN
Nursing Instructor, Adult Health Nursing
University of South Carolina
Greenville, South Carolina
Suzanne M Mahon, RN, DNSc, AOCN, APNG
Professor
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
Deborah Mast, RN, BSN, OCN
Clinical Coordinator, Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Chicago, Illinois
Kelley D. Mayden, MSN, FNP, AOCNP
Oncology Nurse Practitioner
Southwest Virginia Cancer Center
Norton, Virginia
Mendy Moody, RN, MSN, OCN
Educator
Rex Cancer Center
Raleigh, North Carolina
Lisa Hartkopf Smith, RN, MS, AOCN, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Hematology/Oncology
Riverside Methodist Hospitals
Columbus, Ohio
Susan K. Steele-Moses, DNS, APRN, CNS, AOCN
Program Director, Nursing Research and Adult Health;
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Shirley Triest-Robertson, PhD, APNP, AOCNS, ACNS-BC, ACHPN
Palliative Care Advance Practice Nurse
St. Vincent Hospital
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Wendy H. Vogel, MSN, RNP, AOCNP
Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Medical Oncology
Kingsport Hematology/ Oncology Associates
Kingsport, Tennessee
Senior Contributors:
Nancy J. Ehmke, RN MN AOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Parkview Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Deborah Hutchinson Allen, RN, MSN, CNS, FNP-BC, AOCNP
Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist and Nurse Practitioner
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Suzanne M Mahon, RN, DNSc, AOCN, APNG
Professor
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
Contributors:
Mary Lawson, MSN, FNP-BC, ACHPN
Family Nurse Practitioner, Palliative Care and Oncology
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center
Baton Rouge, LA
Lisa S. Parks, MS, RN, CNP
Hepatobiliary/Gastrointestinal Nurse Practitioner, Division of Surgical Oncology
James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Meghan Routt, MSN, ANP/GNP-BC, AOCNP
Nurse Practitioner, Inpatient Surgical Oncology
James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University
Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Lisa Hartkopf Smith, RN, MS, AOCN, CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Hematology/ Oncology
Riverside Methodist Hospitals
Columbus, Ohio
Perioperative Nursing
Editors: Emily Law, Erin Peick
Authors:
George Allen, PhD, CIC, CNOR
Instructor, College of Health Related Professions
State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
Suzanne Ariza, MSN, CRNA
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
Anesthesia Services, PA
Newark, Delware
Laila Bailey, RN, MSN, CNOR
Staff Nurse/Urology Specialist, Ambulatory Surgery Center
Inova Fairfax Hospital
Fairfax, Virginia
Ruben Barrios, RN, BSN, CNOR
Staff Nurse III , Orthopedic Trauma
University Hospital
San Antonio, Texas
Don Beissel, MSNA, RN, CRNA
Chief Anesthetist
Anesthesia and Pain Management
Barton County Memorial Hospital
Lamar, Missouri
Michele Brunges, RN, MSN, CNOR
Nurse Manager, PACU/Pre-op/ASU/Blocks and Presurgical
Shands Teaching Hospital at the University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Kathy Cabai, EdD, MSN, CNOR
Coordinator and Instructor Surgical Technology Program
College of DuPage
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Claudia Campese, RN, MSN, CNOR, BC
Clinical Education Specialist II, Surgical Services
New Hanover Regional Medical Center
Wilmington, North Carolina
Judy Clayton, MSN, RN, CNOR
Staff Nurse
Morgan Memorial Hospital
Madison, Georgia
Michelle De Lima, MSN, APRN, CNOR, CNE
Instructor and Clinical Coordinator, Charity School of Nursing
ADN Program
Delgado Community College
New Orleans, Louisiana
Roberta “Bobbie” Geiger, RN, MSN, CNOR
Operating Room Nurse/Clinical Educator/Coordinator
St. Joseph’s Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia
Cynthia Halvorson, RN, MSN, CNOR
Freelance Consultant and Author
Switzerland
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Program Developer
UC Health West Chester Hospital
Cincinnati, Ohio
Teresa Howard, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Director
Temple University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Donna Kent, RN, MS, CNOR
Perioperative Clinical Nurse Specialist
AnMed Health
Anderson, South Carolina
Tom Kraus, BSN, RN, CNOR
Clinical Coordinator
Scottsdale Healthcare Thompson Peak Total Joints/Orthopedic
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Scottsdale, Arizona
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Surgical Nurse, Department of Surgical Services
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital Clinton
Township, Michigan
Jennifer Misajet, MHA, RN, CNOR
Interim Director/ Consultant
Perioperative Services
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Janean Monahan, BSN, MSA, CNOR
PhD Candidate
Wayne State University
Detroit, Michigan
Christine Pacheco, BSN, RN
Staff Nurse
SHC-Thompson Peak
Hospital Scottsdale, Arizona
Nancymarie Phillips, RN, PhD, RNFA, CNOR
Director, Department of Perioperative Education
Lakeland Community College
Wickliffe, Ohio
Vanetta Reeder, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Educator
University of Pennsylvania Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lisa Riedlel, CRNA, DNP
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
Fayette Anesthesia
Services Hillsboro, Ohio
Sue Seitz, RN, MSN, CNOR
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Greenville Hospital System
Greenville, South Carolina
Eileen St. Aubin, MSN, RN, CNOR
Clinical Education
Manager St. Jude Medical Center
Plano, Texas
Laura Weisberg, MSN, RN, CNOR
Clinical Nurse II, Surgical Service
University of North Carolina Hospitals
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Senior Contributors:
Michele Brunges, RN, MSN, CNOR
Nurse Manager
Shands Healthcare
Gainesville, Florida
Heather L Burrell, MSN, RN, CNOR
Nursing Faculty
Jamestown Community College
Olean, New York
Judith L. Clayton, MSN, RN, CNOR
Surgical Services
Morgan Memorial Hospital
Madison, Georgia
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Accreditation Consultant
TriHealth
Cincinnati, Ohio
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Department of Surgical Services
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital
Clinton Township, Michigan
Jennifer L. Misajet, MHA, RN, CNOR
Regional Director Perioperative Services
Kaiser Permanente
Oakland, California
Vanetta Cheeks Reeder, RN, MSN, CNOR
Nurse Educator Surgical Services
Aria Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Respiratory Care
Editors: Amber Crapo, Sophia Oh Gray, Anne Petherick
Authors:
Teri Allen, BSHA, RRT-NPS
Respiratory Care Education Coordinator
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Tammy Babcock, MHA, RRT-NPS
Assistant Professor and
Director or Clinical Education, Department of Respiratory Care, School of Health Professions
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas
Theresa Beck, RRT, AE-C, BS
Respiratory Therapist
Frederick Memorial Hospital
Frederick, MD;
Adjunct Instructor
Frederick Community College
Frederick, Maryland
Rhonda Bevis, RRT, EdD
Director of Clinical Education
Armstrong Atlantic State University
Savannah, Georgia
Sue E. Davis, MA Ed, RRT-NPS
Program Director, Respiratory Therapy
Our Lady of the Lake College
Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Maria Grayson, MS, RRT
Program Director, Respiratory Care
Norwalk Community College
Norwalk, Connecticut
Lisa M Johnson, MS, RRT-NPS
Clinical Assistant Professor; Vice Chair, Respiratory Care Program
Stony Brook University
StonyBrook, New York
Derek F. Jones, BS, RRT, NPS
Instructor
Everest Institute
Decatur, Georgia
Debra Laken, MAEd, RRT, AE-C, CTTS
Associate Professor, School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Aleta Kay Martin, BSRC, RRT-NPS
Clinical Educator
Children’s Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
R. Monique McCreary, EdD, RRT-NPS
Director of Clinical Education, Respiratory Care Program
Southern Crescent Technical College
Griffin, Georgia
Michael Parrett, RRT-NPS, SDS, RPFT
Respiratory Therapy Program Director
Kansas City Kansas Community College
Kansas City, Kansas
Precious Pennyman, RRT, BS
Respiratory Therapist
Upson Regional Medical Center
Thomaston, Georgia
Krystal Ramsey, MBA, RRT
Respiratory Therapist
Southern Regional Medical Center
Riverdale, Georgia
Melissa D. Smith, BS, RRT
Respiratory Care Education Coordinator/ LSRC Chapter 8 President
St. Tammany Parish Hospital
Covington, Louisiana
Aimee Staggenborg, MA, BA, RRT, RCP
Director of Clinical Education
Missouri State University
West Plains, Missouri
Sharon A. Stuart, BS, RRT-SDS
Operational Coordinator
Southern Regional Health System
Riverdale, Georgia
Senior Peer Reviewer:
Sue Hoffsmith, MSN, RN, CEN
Nurse Educator
Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Peer Reviewers:
Bertram Brooks, RRT, RST, CPFT
Pulmonary Function Technologist
Atlanta Medical Center
Atlanta, Georgia
Lisa Marie Cracchiolo, RRT, AE-C
Clinical Specialist/ Supervisor
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Martha DeSilva, MEd, RRT
Program Director
Massasoit Community College
Brockton, Massachusetts
Delores Griffin, BA, RRT, RCP
Director, Respiratory Care and Bronchoscopy
Saint Louis University Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Mary Kay Holman-Romero, RRT, NPS
Respiratory Care Supervisor
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Joshua A. McCullough, MDc, BS, RRT, NRP, CCTP
EMS Instructor
ERTSS
Fayetteville, GA
M. Allen McCullough, PhD, MS, MPA, MSN, APRN, ENP, FNP-BC, REMT-P. CCP
Director of Public Safety
Fayette County Division of Public Safety
Fayetteville, Georgia;
Instructor, Resuscitation Science, School of Nursing
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Peggy Reed-Watts, MS, RRT
Manager, Respiratory Care Services
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Adam Sampson, MA, RRT
Shift Coordinator, Respiratory Therapist
Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Provider Plus, Inc.
St. Louis, Missouri
Animations
Editor: Angela J. Daniel, MSN, MBA, RN
Senior Reviewers:
Jennifer Abell, MSN, RNC-OB
Clinical Education Specialist
Woman’s Services Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
George Allen, PhD, CIC, CNOR
Director of Infection Control
University Hospital of Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
Nancy Burke, RNC-NIC, MSN, ARNP
Nurse Specialist, NICU
South Miami Hospital/ Baptist Health System
Miami, Florida
Cindy Bryant, RN, BSN, CCRP, CCRN
Neonatal Research Nurse Coordinator, General Clinical Research Center
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Katherine A. Cabai, EdD, RN, MSN, CNOR
Coordinator Surgical Technology Program
College of DuPage
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Claudia Campese, MSN, RN_BC, CNOR
Clinical Education Specialist II, Surgical Services
New Hanover Regional Medical Center
Wilmington, North Carolina
LCDR Tina M. Cox, MSN, MSM, CNS_BC, RNC
Perinatal Clinical Nurse Specialist
CAPT James Lovell Federal Health Care Center
Great Lakes, Illinois
Kelly Denson, MSN, RN, OCN
Clinical Education Specialist
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida
Michele Dunstan, MSN, RN, CCRN
Patient Care Specialist, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Lehigh Valley Health Network
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Janet Dutcher, DNP, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner
Avera Mckennan Hospital and University Center
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Nancy J. Ehmke, RN, MN, AOCN
Clinical Nurse Specialist
Parkview Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Kim Francis, RN, PhD(c)
Neonatal Clinical Nurse Specialist, OB Service
The Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Pamela S. Gordon, BSN, RNC_NIC
Neonatal Research Nurse, General Clinical Research Center
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Jennifer Hamilton, MSN, CPNP
Pediatric Critical Care Nurse Practitioner
Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, Indiana
Jane J. Hawk, DNP, CS, CPAN, RN
Nurse Consultant
Washington State Department of Health
Turnwater, Washington
Hilary L.S. Hawkins, BSN, CEN
Emergency Department Staff Nurse
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Melissa Helmer, RN, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Program Developer
UC Health West Chester Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Sandra Hoffman, MS, RN
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Birth Center
Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Allina Health System
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Renee' Semonin Holleran, APRN, PhD, CEN, CCRN, CFRN, CTRN, FAEN, FNP-BC
Staff Nurse, Emergency Department
Intermountain Medical Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
Karen Knapp, RN, BSN, CRNFA
Travel Nurse/Consultant
New Era, Michigan
Marlena S. Lanni, RN, BS, CNOR
Department of Surgical Services
Henry Ford Macomb Hospital
Clinton Township, Michigan
Sarah A. Martin, MS, RN, CPNP-PC/AC, CCRN
Advanced Practice Nurse
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Children’s Memorial Hospital
Chicago, Illinois
Charlotte McMiller-Green, MSN, RNC-NIC
Clinical Education Specialist
Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida
Reba McVay, MSN, RN, CNS-BC, CCRN
Administrative Director of Clinical Excellence & Education
Southern Maryland Hospital Center
Clinton, Maryland
Jan Powers, PhD, RN, CCRN, CCNS, CNRN
FCCM Director of Clinical Nurse Specialists and Nursing Research Critical Care Clinical Nurse Specialist
St. Vincent Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lisa M. Riedel, MS, DNP, CRNA
Fayette Anesthesia Services
Hillsboro, Ohio
Karen Rountree, MSN, RN, CNOR, CST
Clinical Educator, Perioperative Services
Methodist Hospital, Methodist Heart Hospital
San Antonio, Texas
Stacy J. Breedlove Shaffer, BSN, RN, CPN
Assistant Nurse Manager, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite
Atlanta, Georgia
Daun A Smith, RN, MSN
Professor, Nursing
River Valley Community College
Claremont, New Hampshire
Lara G. Smith, MSN, RN, CPNP-PC, CPNP-AC
Saint Louis Children’s Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Susan Thibeault, MS, CRNA, CFRN, CCRN, EMT-P
Practice and Research Coordinator
LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Conneticut
Andrea Kline Tilford, MS, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, FCCM
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Critical Care and Allergy
Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, Indiana
Laura Marie Weisberg, MNS, RN, CNOR
OR Staff Nurse, Orthopaedics
University of North Carolina Hospitals
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Darlene S. Whitlock, RN, ARNP, MSN, MA, CEN, CPEN, EMT
Trauma Outreach Education & Prevention
Stormont Vail HealthCare
Topeka, Kansas
Reviewers:
Teri Allen, BSHA, RRT-NPS, CRT
Respiratory Care Clinical Education Coordinator
University of California Irvine Medical Center
Orange, California
Theresa Beck, BS, RRT, AE-C
Staff Therapist
Frederick Memorial Hospital DME;
Adjunct Instructor
Frederick Community College
Frederick, Maryland
Marylee Bressie, DNP-C, RN, CCRN, CCNS, CEN
MICU Staff Nurse
Providence Hospital
Birmingham, Alabama
Robin Chard, PhD, RN, CNOR
Manager, Best Practice Consulting
Hollywood, Florida
Anna Dermenchyan, RN, BSN, CCRN-CSC
Clinical Nurse III, Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
Los Angeles, California
Amanda Grindle, MSN, RN, CPN, CCRN
Assistant Nurse Manager
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Cynthia K. Halvorson, RN, MSN, CNOR
Perioperative Clinical Specialist, Educator, Consultant
Maur Switzerland
Robin Kidder, BA, RRT, AE-C
Clinical Instructor
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Colleen C. Kovacs, RN, MSN
Clinical Instructor
Trident Technical College
Charleston, South Carolina
R. Monique McCreary, EdD, RRT-NPS
Director of Clinical Education, Respiratory Care Program
Southern Crescent Technical College
Griffin, Georgia
Sharon A. Stuart, BS, RRT-SDS, RCP
Operational Coordinator
Southern Regional Medical Center
Riverdale, Georgia
George Sweat, MSHS, Flight RN, RRT, EMT-P
Medway Air Ambulance
Lawrenceville, Georgia
